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2020年9月英语六级冲刺密卷(阅读理解-仔细阅读部分)
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阅读理解部分包括选词填空,长篇阅读,和仔细阅读,测试学生在不同层面上的阅读理解能力,包括理解篇章或段落的主旨大意和重要细节、综合分析、推测判断以及根据上下文推测词义等能力。仔细阅读部分:为2篇选择题型的短文理解测试,要求考生根据对文章的理解,从每题四个选项中选择最佳答案。每篇长度六级为400-450词。
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A US Energy Department report calls for incentives to boost coal-fired and nuclear power plants following a stream of closures that it said undermined reliable sources of electricity. The findings of the study, released late on Wednesday, drew scorn from renewable energy advocates but praise from the coal and unclear industries. The report dovetails with(与……相 吻合)President Donald Trump’s promise to revive the ailing mining sector. But it differs from conclusions presented in an earlier draft, which had said big increases in renewable power generation remained possible without undermining grid reliability. The administration had not yet reviewed the early draft, which was written by department staff. Energy Secretary Rick Perry commissioned the study in April to evaluate whether “regulatory burdens” imposed by past administrations, including that of former President Barack Obama, had hurt the grid by forcing shutdowns of baseload (基本负载)plants, which provide nonstop power, like those fired by coal and nuclear fuel. Obama had introduced a number of regulations intended to slash emissions of carbon dioxide, which are blamed for climate change. This accelerate the retirement of coal-fired power plants and bolstered the newly-developed solar and wind sectors, which depend heavily on weather conditions for their power output. “It is apparent that in today’s competitive markets certain regulations and subsidies are having a large impact on thefunctioning of markets, and thereby challenging our power generation mix,” Perry said in a letter introducing the study. “It is important for policy makers to consider their intended and unintended effects.” The study, conducted by the department’s staff, said cheap natural gas was the main driver of the closure of baseload coal and nuclear plants, a trend that was putting areas of the country at greater risk of power outages. The department recommended giving baseload plants pricing advantages for their power, as well as making it easier and cheaper to get permits to build more such projects. Howard Crystal, a spokesman for the Center for Biological Diversity which advocates for clean energy, called the recommendations “dangerously misguided”. “The reality is that we can protect our planet and our energy supplies by embracing wind and solar,” he said. Some coal and nuclear energy groups welcomed the final report’s findings. “This is a much-needed, pragmatic look at US electricity reliability and resilience(复原 力), including the priority of maintaining critical clean baseload power as electricity markets change,” said Rich Powell, director of ClearPath, which advocates for unclear and hydropower. Last week, Neil Chatterjee, the newly appointed chairman of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, said coal plants needed to be “properly compensated to recognize the value they provide to the system.”
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The United States boasts the best public universities in the world. No young person should be turned away because they were born into a family without enough money for tuition; nor should getting a degree consign(交付;委托)a person to decades of crippling debt. For the sake of fairness, class mobility, and the ideal of equality of opportunity, I believe generous financial aid should be available to all needy students for whom a four-year degree is the best way to achieve the American dream. But I also know America is overwhelmingly led by people with college degrees and white collar backgrounds—people who overvalue their own path to success and rig the system against others who’d thrive under a different approach. Our elites are too often blind to the value of education that is received away from college, whether through apprenticeships or vocational schools or on-the-job training. They don’t always understand that there are lots of blue-collar jobs that are morefulfilling, better paying, and more in demand than lots of white-collar jobs. And they are blind to the wisdom in cultural enclaves where a young person is not considered “culturally competent” until knowing how to perform CPR, help a stranger change a flat, or work alongside people from different social classes without taking offense when their etiquette is different than the etiquette at UCLA or Berkeley. So rather than promising free tuition, I have a more inclusive proposal: No matter your race or class or gender, you should be able to afford a degree from a public university without crippling debt if that path best maximizes your potential; and we should all value the important work being done at universities. The future I want to see begins with redoubling America’s efforts at civic education in high school. Everyone with a high-school diploma should have learned all the tools they need to meaningfully participate as citizens in America’s government-by-the-people. In fact, adults who want to study American civics now should have that opportunity. Next, for everyone who earns their diploma or GED, I propose financial aid for college or for an alternative investment in education that will help them toward any career that they choose, so long as they demonstrate that they’re making an informed decision. Yes, we’ll need to be watchful to fraudsters(行骗者)eager to get a piece of that money without offering valuable knowledge in return. But the problem will be no greater than under the status quo, when so much of the money that flows to public universities is wasted on administrative expansion and luxurious campus installations. Finally, so that those who pursue routes other than four-year colleges are treated more fairly, I propose legal reforms to eliminate obstacles like professional-licensing requirements that amount to no more than credentialism(文凭至上主义),and a shift away from insisting on a bachelor’s degree for jobs that shouldn’t require one.
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Amazon said it will cut prices on a range of popular goods as it completes its acquisition of Whole Foods, sending shares of rival grocers tumbling(跌倒,暴跌)on fears that brutal market share battles will intensify. Amazon’s $ 13.7 billion purchase of Whole Foods, which will be completed on Monday, has been hanging over a brick-and-mortar(有实体的)retail sector unsure of how to respond to the world’s biggest online retailer. Shares of Kroger, the biggest United States supermarket operator, closed down 8 percent, while Wal-Mart, the biggest US food seller, closed down 2 percent. Amazon said it will start selling Whole Foods brand products on its website, a move that sent down shares of packaged food sellers, including Kellogg. Amazon also said members of its $99-per-year Prime shopping club would eventually berolled into Whole Foods’ customer rewards program and be eligible for special offers and discounts. “There was never any doubt that Amazon would lower prices, and even offer further discounts in-store to Prime members,” said Baird Equity Research analyst Colin Sebastian. Starting on Monday, Amazon will cut prices on organic grocery staples such as bananas, avocados, brown eggs farmed salmon and tilapia, baby kale and lettuce, some apples, butter, and other products. Lowering prices could stem defections by price-sensitive Whole Foods shoppers and help the grocer shed its “Whole Paycheck” reputation for high prices that are generally 15 to 25 percent above rivals. It could also bring in new consumers who can then be urged to shop for food and other products online. The planned price cuts would have been a tough sell to Whole Foods’ investors, who had grown used to fat profits from the upscale chain, but are more in line with Amazon’s broader strategy of sacrificing short-term profit for long-term market dominance. Amazon’s willingness to take lower profit margins ups the ante(赌注)in the increasingly costly grocery price war. Adding Whole Foods benefits should help Amazon attract more shoppers to its successful Prime shceme, which features two-day shipping for eligible purchases and unlimited streaming of movies and TV shows. Amazon has more than 60 million Prime members, according to analyst estimates. Whole Foods has rolled out a loyalty program at its smaller, lower-priced 365 by Whole Foods chain, which offers members 10 oercent off more than 100 items in the stores. The program is still being tested in the main Whole Foods chain. Beyond that, some Whole Foods stores will get Amazon Lockers, where customers can receive online orders and make returns. John Mackey will remain chief executive of Whole Foods and the company will operate as a sucsidiary and continue to be headquartered in Austin, Texas, the companies said on Thursday.
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The 17 trillion US gallons of rain, roughly 26m Olympic swimming pools, dumped on Texas by Hurricane Harvey has set a new high for a tropical system in the US, but it is unlikely to last long as rising man-made emissions push global climate deeper into uncharted territory. Images of flooded streets in Texas are mirrored by scenes of inundated(洪泛的)communities in India and Bangladesh, the recent mudslides in Sierra Leone and last month’s deadly overflow of a Yangtze tributary(支流)in China. In part, these calamities are seasonal. In part, the impact depends on local factors. But scientists tell us such extremes are likely to become more common and more devastating as a result of rising global temperatures and increasingly intense rainfall.Our planet is in an era of unwelcome records. For each of the past three years, temperatures have hit peaks not seen since the birth of meteorology(气象学),and probably not for more than 110,000 years. The amount of carbon dioxide in the air is at its highest level in 4m years. This does not cause storms like Harvey—there have always been storms and hurricanes at this time of year along the Gulf of Mexico—but it makes them wetter and more powerful. “For large countries like the United States, we can expect further rainfall records—and not just for hurricanes,” said Friederike Otto, deputy director of the Environmental Change Institute at the University of Oxford. This is part of a wider trend. “For the globe, we’ll see heat and extreme rainfall records fall for the foreseeable future,” she predicted. She cautioned that the situation is likely to be different from country to country. Many factors are involved, but human impact on the climate has added to the tendency for more severe droughts and fiercer storms. A key focus now is whether climate change is connected to the “stalling” of storms. In the US, hurricanes usually move inland and diminish in power as they get further from the sea. Harvey, however, was stationary for several days—which is the main factor in its rainfall record. Scientists have said this may be the single biggest question posed by Harvey. Researchers have recently identified a slowdown of atmospheric summer circulation in the mid-latitudes as a result of strong warming in the Arctic. But such studies of pressure patterns need more powerful analytical tools, including supercomputers. In the US, however, such research has become highly politicized. President Donald Trump has announced that the US will pull out of the Paris climate treaty and cut funding for related research. “It shouldn’t be a political matter to try to understand how much more frequent events like Harvey will become in the future,” said Tim Palmer, a professor at the University of Oxford. “It appalls me how basic science has become involved in politics like this.‘
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The internet mirrors society, reflecting our strengths and weaknesses. A healthy society and a healthy internet share the same vital forces: individuals taking action, making things, solving problems, and ultimately building our own environment. We need both technology and social commitment to create spaces where healthy democracies will flourish. As citizens, we have a right and a responsibility to participate in democracy for it to work. Today we see technology—specifically the internet—enabling rich new ways to participate in democracy. The internet lets citizens swiftly tune in to world events, discuss the implications, organize campaigns, project their voices, and force change. Through the internet, democratically elected leaders can more easily hear diverse voices. By making political activities more transparent, the internet helps citizens hold politicians more accountable. It has created a sea change for democratic political discourse, offering a global soapbox(即兴演讲台)like none other. We also see the internet magnifying the polarization of our societies and the rise of vitriol, hate speech andmisinformation. This amplification is made possible by the internet and centralized social media platforms, which combine to create mass echo chambers. However the core issues live within the nature of our societies themselves. So today the internet reflects richness, divisiveness and areas where hope and opportunities to improve one’s own life are not as widely available as we would like. The ease with which “fake news” can be disseminated( 散 布 )online presented an opportunity to capitalize on existing social discontent by distributing misinformation for financial gain. We saw this happen in the latest US election cycle when egregiously fabricated stories published solely for profit circulated widely in social media Pizzagate. The Pope endorses a presidential candidate. Florida imposes Sharia law. Though these stories were clearly false, each was published online, consumed, shared and viewed by millions of people. And yet we need to ask: How different are these articles from standard “clickbait”(标题党)that sensationalizes the truth in order to drive traffic? The stakes are high when bad actors misappropriate the internet and position fake news to drown out facts for personal gain. Misinformation spread online has the power to influence people’s understanding of real world events. Millions of internet users have no way to quickly assess whether claims are true or false. All of this adds up to loss of trust in core institutions as a source of good information and trustworthy community. But the loss is further compounded. Democracy relies on the free flow of good information and human connection, and when people believe they can’t trust anyone, democracy is weakened. Technology alone will not solve the problem, but technology combined with human intent, economic investment, and development policies can make immense positive changes. The world today is in a disruptive state, and it’s clear that the connection of technology to social impact is deeply needed so that communities of goodwill can grow, trust in the internet and information will rebound and democracy will thrive. We have to apply ourselves to this challenge. Otherwise we will have wasted a rare and precious opportunity.
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The night of December 16, 1773, dozens of Massachusetts colonists quietly boarded three ships and dumped what would now be close to $ 1 million worth of British tea into Boston Harbor. The Sons of Liberty painted their faces and dressed like Native Americans. They barely spoke, to avoid revealing their identities. “There appeared to be an understanding that each individual should volunteer his services, keep his own secret, and risk the consequence for himself,” one of them wrote. It worked. Only a single person was caught. What if the British had access to modern surveillance technology? What if they’d had access to face recognition?From the Boston Tea Party to the printing of Common Sense, the ability to dissent—and to do it anonymously—was central to the founding of the United States. Anonymity was no luxury: It was a crime to advocate separation from the British Crown. It was a crime to dump British tea into Boston harbor. This trend persists. Our history is replete(充满)with moments when it was a “crime” to do the right thing, and legal to inflict injustice. The latest crime-fighting tools, however, may eliminate people’s ability to be anonymous. Historically, surveillance technology has tracked our technology: our cars, our computers, our phones. Face recognition technology tracks our bodies. And unlike fingerprinting or DNA analysis, face recognition is designed to identify us from far away and in secret. Face recognition is not just about finding terrorists. It’s about finding citizens. As a result of simply having a driver’s license, over half of all American adults are enrolled in a criminal face recognition network. While the details are murky, it appears that Baltimore County police used face recognition to identify people protesting the death of Freddie Gray. As law enforcement develops increasingly powerful surveillance tools, we need to ask ourselves: Are we building a world where no dissent is anonymous? A world where the Sons of Liberty are each arraigned(传讯)as British tea still floats in Boston harbor? The answer to these questions has to be “no.” In the midst of a heated debate about encryption and the need for privacy and security in our communications, it’s tempting to think that the solutions to these problems will originate in Silicon Valley. They won’t. You can encrypt your hard drive. You can encrypt your emails and texts. You cannot encrypt your face. There may be technical means to avoid face recognition. Coincidentally, one of them echoes the face paint worn by the Sons of Liberty. But face recognition’s threat to freedom will not be addressed through a simple change in default settings. It will be addressed only through hard conversations, and legislation, in Congress and state legislatures. “Writing and talk do not prove me,” wrote Walt Whitman in his Song of Myself. “I carry the plenum(充分)of proof and everything else in my face.” We have grown accustomed to the monitoring of our technology and communications. There is something different, something intractable and ominous, about the tracking of our bodies.
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Police officers may hope that their presence in schools will help them build strong relationships with students, improving police-community relations over the long term. But achieving that goal may require rethinking law enforcement’s role in education, a new report suggests. Looking at federal data from the 2012-2014 school year, researchers at Education Week found that students in schools with at least one school resource officer(STO)were1.5 times likely to be arrested than their peers in schools that did not have a police presence. The disparity is particularly stark for black students, possibly because police presence is concentrated in districts with a higher proportion of minority students. Black buys were three times more likely to be arrested at school than white boys, the report found. Rather than building relationships and improving outcomes, students who are arrested or referred to law enforcement can see a drop in school performance and are disproportionately more likely to get involved with the law again as adults, researchers say. Racial bias means that outcomes are particularly poor in communities of color. Spurred by rising fears of violent crime during the 1980s and 1990s, some schools began turning to police to increase safety on campus. With federal funding, their presence only grew. Following tragedies like the school shooting atColumbine High School in Colorado, an increasing number of parents called for security measures like metal detectors and armed officers. By 2013-2014, 44,000 “school resource officers” worked in schools on a full-or part-time basis. In some cases, hiring these officers has resulted in an impressive drop in incidents. But the national picture is less positive. Particularly in schools with a high proportion of minorities, the SROs are overused, taking on disciplinary functions that classroom teachers have traditionally performed, experts say. Arresting students, rather than having a classroom teacher discipline them, brings financial and emotional costs. An American Civil Liberties Union report found that arrested students were twice as likely to drop out of high school—and for those who appeared in court, that figure doubled. Compounding the problem, the cost of employing school resource officers means many schools with a police presence are less likely to have school counselors who can keep an eye on the psychological and developmental effects of arrests on children, Education Week reported. Detaining students also drains the budget of money that could be used to educate them. So how can police officers help ensure safety without becoming disciplinarians( 纪 律 严 明 者 )who grease the school-to-prison pipeline? Training is key, National Association of School Resource Officers executive director Mo Canady told Education Week. SROs should see themselves not only as members of law enforcement, but also embrace their role as educators on issues like drug prevention and as informal counselors for students, Mr. Canady said.
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Clear Macro CEO Mike Simcock, who has 25 years of professional asset management experience, says he started the company to help investment managers that were drowning in a deluge of data. There has been a massive explosion in data sources, many offering the prospect of more timely information and more impactful signals. But the big data revolution is actually compounding a problem that was already there, says Simcock. Advancements in technology are making analytical processes accessible beyond the world of hedge funds(对冲基金)and CTAs(交易顾问);things like back testing tools and ways of aggregating information and visualizing information in a really efficient way. Clear Macro is building a “Wikipedia of investment strategies”. It applies strategic, tactical and systematic asset allocation strategies, alongside a combination of select data sets providing real time macro insights, from text media and now-casting to cross border central bank liquidity statistics. Simcock suggests a less is more approach to data. “We are not scraping the internet for data. We are doing aggregationin the sense that we are sourcing what we call best quality data sets for the categories of information that we think decision makers care about holistically, as well as tools to back test and gain conviction over what works and what doesn’t. “He said big data sets within the hedge fund space tend to be really focused on tactical, higher frequency, shorter term decision making, such as trying to gain an edge on payrolls or the next move in inflation, or company results. The industry is very quickly going to move much further toward data driven automated research and investible strategies. “Funds or products that are essentially driven more and more by rules, and can be delivered in different ways, whether it’s an ETF structure or simply connecting to interactive brokers.” Suddenly all sorts of owners of data are realizing the power of their data sets. “We are completely unaware of whether we use traditional data or new data. If we can demonstrate it adds some value then that can justify paying for it.” Data does not come cheap: all sorts of entities are offering to sell their data, from anywhere between£25K and£250K, and upward. “The value of data is in the eyes of the beholder,” said Simcock. “Typically I think the way that data sales work is that everything is up for negotiation,” he said. “Some of the things we are finding is a lot of the classic data sets are delivering better performance when you build them into strategies. The message I would give to someone asking how should I deal with this landscape—embrace technologies that can make your job easier and take your time.”
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Business cards have been around a long time in one form or another. The Chinese invented calling cards in the 15th century to give people notice that they intended to visit. European merchants invented trade cards in the 17th century to act as miniature advertisements. Lots of companies try to turn their cards into miniature plugs for their products. Employees at Lego give out miniature plastic figures with their contact details stamped on them. McDonald’s business cards are shaped like a portion of fries. A Canadian divorce lawyer once gave out cards that can be torn in two—one half for each of the feuding spouses. Such tricks can quickly pall. For techno-utopians, they just go to show that the physical business card is in its death throes(垂死挣扎). After all, why bother exchanging bits of thick paper at all when you can simply swap electronic versions by smartphone? However, one can just as well argue the opposite: that business cards are here to stay, and in a blizzard(大风雪)of meetings and correspondence, it is more important than ever that your card stands out. Attempts to reinvent business cardsfor the digital age have got nowhere. That business cards are thriving in a digital age is a forceful reminder that there is much about business that is timeless. Take, for instance, the eternal and inescapable question of whether you can trust someone. The number of things that machines can do better than humans grows by the day. But they cannot look people in the eye and decide what sort of person they are. And they cannot transform acquaintanceships into relationships. A good deal of business life will always be about building social bonds—having dinner with people, playing sport with them, even getting drunk with them—and the more that machines take over the quantitative stuff more human beings will have to focus on the touchy-feely. The rapid advance of both globalization and virtualization means that this trust-building process is becoming ever more demanding. Managers have to work harder at establishing trust with people from different cultures: chief executives of global organizations routinely spend three out of every four weeks traveling. They also have to get better at using personal meetings to reinforce bonds that were first formed over the phone or internet. Here, business cards are doubly useful. They can be a quick way of establishing connections, and can also act as a physical reminder that you have actually met someone rather than just Googled them. Rifling( 搜 索 )through piles of different cards helps to summon up memories of meetings in ways that simply looking through uniform electronic lists never would.
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A hard Brexit poses risks to the integrity of financial markets and could make it harder to protect consumers from wrongdoing by banks, the head of the city regulator has warned MPs. Andrew Bailey, chief executive of the Financial Conduct Authority, said a cliff-edge Brexit—one in which the regulatory framework changes the instant the UK leaves the EU—also presented competition risks, alongside threats to legal and market stability. In his latest letter to the Treasury Select Committee, Bailey said a sudden exit from the EU could make it difficult for regulators to obtain information about the firms they regulate. “Any lack of certainty with regard to the regulatory framework may affect the ability of the FCA, and perhaps other regulators, to take enforcement action as a means of bothaddressing and deterring misconduct,” said Bailey. He also highlighted the risks associated with the sudden loss of the “passport” that firms based in the EU use to operate freely within the 28 member states. Bailey has previously told the committee that 5,476 UK-registered firms hold at least one passport to do business in another EU or EEA member state while just over8,000 companies authorized in other EU states use these rules to do business in the UK. There was a risk, he said, that firms could and end up without the correct permissions to sell products or find themselves vulnerable to legal action if they were not able to meet pledges to provide services for customers. The FCA may not have enough time to process applications-which take about 23 weeks-if the loss of passporting is only agreed late in the negotiations. Former shadow chancellor Chris Leslie, a leading supporter of the Open Britain campaign, said : “The last thing post-Brexit Britain needs is to tie the hands of the Financial Conduct Authority behind their back . A hard Brexit doesn’t just risk pushing our economy over a cliff edge, it risks throwing robust regulation into the void as well.” “If we learned anything from the 2008 global economic crash, it is that a clear system of regulation for financial services is essential. It is deeply worrying that the people responsible for that in country are saying they will not be able to do their job properly if Britain crashes out of the EU without a transitional deal in place.” “When the financial watchdogs are themselves saying they will not be able to properly protect consumers following a hard Brexit, the government needs to sit up and take notice.” “If the watchdog cannot watch financial transactions properly, we are leaving both peoples’ finances and markets vulnerable to abuse.”
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